1、絲杠的分類

1. Classification of lead screws

機(jī)床絲杠按其摩擦特性可分為三類:即滑動(dòng)絲杠、滾動(dòng)絲杠及靜壓絲杠。

Machine tool screws can be divided into three categories based on their friction characteristics: sliding screws, rolling screws, and static pressure screws.

由于滑動(dòng)絲杠結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，制造方便，所以在機(jī)床上應(yīng)用比較廣泛。滑動(dòng)絲杠的牙型多為梯形。這種牙型比三角形牙酬具有效果高，傳動(dòng)性能好，精度高，加工方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

Due to its simple structure and easy manufacturing, sliding screws are widely used in machine tools. The tooth shape of sliding screw is mostly trapezoidal. This type of tooth has advantages such as higher effectiveness, better transmission performance, higher precision, and easier processing compared to triangular teeth.

滾動(dòng)絲杠義分為滾珠絲杠和滾柱絲杠兩大類。滾珠絲杠與滾柱絲杠相比而言，摩擦力小，傳動(dòng)效率高，精度也高，因而比較常用，但是其制造工藝比較復(fù)雜。

Rolling screws are divided into two categories: ball screws and roller screws. Compared with roller screws, ball screws have lower friction, higher transmission efficiency, and higher accuracy, making them more commonly used. However, their manufacturing process is more complex.

靜壓絲杠有許多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，常被用于精密機(jī)床和數(shù)控機(jī)床的進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)中。其螺紋牙形與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梯形螺紋牙形相同。但牙形高于同規(guī)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)螺紋1.5～2倍，目的在于獲得良好油封及提高承載能力。但是調(diào)整比較麻煩，而且需要一套液壓系統(tǒng)，工藝復(fù)雜，成本較高。

Static pressure screw has many advantages and is often used in the feed mechanism of precision machine tools and CNC machine tools. Its thread profile is the same as the standard trapezoidal thread profile. But the tooth shape is 1.5 to 2 times higher than the standard thread of the same specification, in order to obtain a good oil seal and improve the load-bearing capacity. But the adjustment is more complicated and requires a hydraulic system, with complex processes and high costs.

2、絲杠的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

2. Structural characteristics of screw

（1）絲杠結(jié)構(gòu)的工藝特點(diǎn)：絲杠是細(xì)長(zhǎng)柔性軸，它的長(zhǎng)度L與直徑d的比值很大，一般為20～50，剛性較差。結(jié)構(gòu)形狀復(fù)雜，有很高的螺紋表面要求，還有階梯、溝槽等，所以，在加工過(guò)程中易出現(xiàn)變形。

(1) The process characteristics of the screw structure: The screw is a slender and flexible shaft, with a large ratio of length L to diameter d, generally between 20 and 50, and poor rigidity. The structural shape is complex, with high requirements for threaded surfaces, as well as steps, grooves, etc., so deformation is prone to occur during the processing.

（2）精度等級(jí)：在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB785－65中，對(duì)普通梯形螺紋精度是按中徑公差劃分的。共有五項(xiàng)基本參數(shù)：即外徑d、內(nèi)徑d1、中徑d2、螺距t及牙形半角α/2。由于絲杠要傳遞準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)動(dòng)，因此，按2886－81規(guī)定，絲杠及螺距的精度，根據(jù)使用要求分為6個(gè)等級(jí)：4、5、6、7、8、9（精度依次降低)。

(2) Accuracy level: In the national standard GB785-65, the accuracy of ordinary trapezoidal threads is divided according to the pitch diameter tolerance. There are five basic parameters: outer diameter d, inner diameter d1, pitch d2, pitch t, and tooth half angle α/2. Due to the need to transmit accurate motion of the screw, according to 2886-81, the accuracy of the screw and pitch is divided into six levels based on usage requirements: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 (with decreasing accuracy in sequence).

各級(jí)精度絲杠應(yīng)用范圍如下：4級(jí)為目前，一般很少應(yīng)用；5級(jí)用于精密儀器及機(jī)密機(jī)床，如坐標(biāo)鏜床、螺紋磨床等；6級(jí)用于精密儀器、精密機(jī)床和數(shù)控機(jī)床；7級(jí)用于精密螺紋車床、齒輪加工機(jī)床及數(shù)控機(jī)床；8級(jí)用于一般機(jī)床，如臥式車床、銑床；9級(jí)用于刨床、鉆床及一般機(jī)床的進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)。

The application range of precision screws at all levels is as follows: Level 4 is currently the highest level and is generally rarely used; Level 5 is used for precision instruments and confidential machine tools, such as coordinate boring machines, thread grinders, etc; Level 6 is used for precision instruments, precision machine tools, and CNC machine tools; Grade 7 is used for precision thread lathes, gear machining machines, and CNC machines; Level 8 is used for general machine tools such as horizontal lathes and milling machines; Level 9 is used for the feed mechanism of planers, drilling machines, and general machine tools.

一般所說(shuō)的精密絲杠是指5、6、7級(jí)絲杠。精密絲杠有淬硬絲杠和不淬硬絲杠兩種。前者的耐磨性較好，能較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間保持加工精度，但加工工藝復(fù)雜，必須有高精度的螺紋磨床和專門(mén)的熱處理設(shè)備，而后者只需要精密絲杠車床。

The precision screw generally refers to 5th, 6th, and 7th grade screws. There are two types of precision screws: hardened screws and non hardened screws. The former has good wear resistance and can maintain machining accuracy for a long time, but the machining process is complex and requires high-precision thread grinders and specialized heat treatment equipment, while the latter only requires precision screw lathes.

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